Retinopathy of Prematurity, or ROP, is an eye disease that affects premature infants—especially those born before 31 weeks or weighing less than 1500 grams. In ROP, abnormal blood vessels grow in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. This abnormal growth can lead to scarring and sometimes cause the retina to detach, risking permanent vision loss or blindness. ROP is staged from mild to severe, and many babies with mild ROP improve without treatment, but more advanced cases may need laser therapy, injections, or even surgery to save sight. Regular screening is crucial for at-risk babies—early detection and treatment can prevent serious complications and help preserve vision.

In this video, we will learn about bacterial uveitis, an eye inflammation caused by bacterial infections. It can affect any part of the uvea, leading to symptoms such as eye pain, redness, blurred vision, and light sensitivity. Common bacteria involved include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bacterial uveitis often presents with more severe inflammation and may be associated with other ocular complications like hypopyon or retinal involvement. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with appropriate antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications are essential to control infection and prevent vision loss.

In this video, we will learn about white dot syndromes, a group of inflammatory eye disorders characterized by the presence of white or yellowish spots on the retina or choroid. These syndromes primarily affect young adults and include conditions such as acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE), multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), birdshot chorioretinopathy, and multifocal choroiditis. Symptoms often include blurred vision, floaters, and visual field loss. The exact causes vary but may involve autoimmune, viral, or genetic factors. Diagnosis relies on clinical examination and imaging, and treatment is tailored to control inflammation and preserve vision

In this video, we will learn how to describe the optic nerve head during a clinical eye exam. Key features to comment on include the size and shape of the optic disc, the appearance and ratio of the cup to disc, and the neuroretinal rim thickness—following the ISNT rule. Look for any rim notching, pallor, disc hemorrhages, or peripapillary changes. Accurately describing these features helps in diagnosing glaucomatous or other optic nerve diseases and monitoring progression over time.

In this video, we will learn about fungal uveitis. Fungal uveitis occurs when fungi such as Candida or Aspergillus infect the eye, leading to inflammation that can involve any part of the uvea and posterior segment. Patients may present with blurred vision, floaters, redness, or pain, and examination may reveal characteristic creamy white or fluffy lesions in the retina or choroid. Diagnosis is confirmed by microbiological testing of intraocular fluid. Management includes systemic and intravitreal antifungal medications; in severe cases, vitrectomy may be required to control infection and preserve vision.

In this video, we will learn about three important causes of uveitis: Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease, sarcoidosis, and sympathetic ophthalmia. VKH is an autoimmune disorder that targets melanocyte-containing tissues, causing bilateral granulomatous panuveitis, serous retinal detachments, and systemic findings such as hearing loss, skin, and hair changes. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease that often involves the eyes, presenting with granulomatous uveitis, mutton-fat keratic precipitates, and characteristic retinal periphlebitis or choroidal nodules. Sympathetic ophthalmia is a rare, bilateral granulomatous panuveitis occurring after trauma or surgery to one eye, due to an autoimmune response against ocular antigens. Recognizing these conditions is crucial, as management typically involves systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy to control inflammation and prevent vision loss.

In this video, we will learn about parasitic uveitis, with a focus on retinal involvement. Parasitic uveitis is caused by various parasites such as Toxoplasma, Toxocara, or Onchocerca, leading to inflammation inside the eye. Retinal involvement is common, presenting as focal or diffuse retinochoroiditis, retinal granulomas, or even retinal detachment. Symptoms may include decreased vision, floaters, and eye discomfort. Early diagnosis and targeted treatment are crucial to control inflammation, prevent vision loss, and address the underlying infection through antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory therapy.

In this video, we will learn about viral uveitis and its retinal involvement. Viral uveitis commonly results from infections like herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, cytomegalovirus, or rubella, causing anterior, intermediate, or posterior inflammation. When the retina is affected—termed viral retinitis—patients may experience decreased vision and floaters, and severe cases can lead to retinal necrosis. Antiviral medications and anti-inflammatory treatment are essential for controlling infection and preserving vision. Early recognition and prompt therapy are key to preventing sight-threatening complications.

In this video, we will learn about intermediate uveitis. Intermediate uveitis is inflammation mainly involving the vitreous and peripheral retina, especially the pars plana. It commonly causes floaters and blurred vision, and typically affects both eyes, often with little or no pain or redness. Causes may be idiopathic or linked to systemic diseases like multiple sclerosis or sarcoidosis. Key findings include vitreous cells, “snowballs,” and “snowbank” exudates near the pars plana. Early recognition and treatment are important to prevent complications such as cystoid macular edema and vision loss.